مجله منظر
پیاپی 24 (پاییز 1392)

The Persian Garden is a historical phenomenon، yet studying its development over time or its formal and stylistic variations does not yield to a full understanding. The Persian Garden is not delimited in its geometry or physicality; it holds a content، or khayal، upon which it is created. But what is this khayal and how does it relate to its physicality? Is it appropriate to claim it a single structure out of many formal variations? What is the historical and geographical extent of Persian Garden? More importantly، what are valid and reliable assumptions based on which one can attempt to study Persian Garden? There are quite numerous questions as well as resources. Illustrating the structure، physical reality، and qualitative/quantitative properties of the Persian Garden calls for a broad and serious research with a correct approach—whose first question shall inevitably be، “what do we know of the Persian Garden?، ” or “inside what historical/geographical boundaries should its examples be sought?” Learning about different aspects of the Persian Garden is a must toward its comprehensive understanding، which requires defining a range of different subjects for this matter. Designing correct questions، finding abundant resources، and picking the right approaches are the essential requirements for such researches. The historical continuity of its presence as well as its universal meaning justifies such research about it، calling for a broad range of questions and resources on the subject of the Persian Garden. However، knowing the right method and picking up the correct approach in this regard is a must.

We can summarize and simplify the collection of values associated with pittoresque from three viewpoints: first، the relevance of the word and the thing as an object of historical study، worthy of study، second in a total disinterest toward the concept insofar as it is considered unfit to name and understand the issues of the contemporary world which produces a third attitude that is at once a kind of soft acceptance and fun on one side، or shocked or ironic criticism of the other، to designate the kitsch producing all azimuths of a world driven by tourism، intimate part of the process pictorialization a world and one of the founding elements of the picturesque.

Regarding the natural and essential tendency of human toward interaction with Nature، and the significant effects of relation with nature in man spirit and body، human have always wanted to create a logical، favorable and proper relation among internal spaces and external nature. They also try to get a kind of proximity with natural environments. It is clear that the wellbeing and integrity of natural ecosystems and the biophysical environments are integral to human health and wellbeing. The implications for humans are not limited to physical health and comfort، and the available and uncontaminated air، water، food، but includes psychological need and benefit considerations relating to a spectrum of developmental، competence fostering and care-eliciting experiences in natural environments، such as identity formation، restoration، recreation، connection، and inspiration. According to extensive studies of researchers in association with natural effects on educational process improvement، it is necessary to survey the quality of interaction with nature in educational settings. Since architecture students spend much of their educational time on studio space، and they have a close contact with this space، so architectural studios have major roles in educational process of architecture students and undoubtedly physical environment of studio and mental-psychological effects of its parameters have direct effect on educational process and mind orientation of architecture students. Different achievements of researchers in relationship with positive and essential effects of interaction with nature have been represented in this article. So the present study based on this supposition can have useful effect on educational process and stress reduction of students. For this purpose، students needs in Isfahan art and Khorasgan Azad University related to interaction quality with nature has been evaluated with use of empirical research. Research methodology type of this study is descriptive survey. Results show that natural views have major importance in compared with painted nature for students. Reviver and valuable role of water has been approved too. It is very significant that analyses show among students needs، proper perspective and good view is second priority، Although relaxation and comfortably needs is forth priority. The analyses also indicate that climatic background has influences on what students expect as their desired studio.

From the very beginning of his creation، the man began his life in the nature and the effects of natural elements and joyful gardens have been enjoyed considerably in the beliefs and culture of the public. With today''s industrialized societies and declining relationship between human and nature، serious issues concerning physical and psychological conditions of human have been raised. The process of urban and industrial life have left negative effects on all human''s physiological، physical and mental processes and many of the problems that the human experiences as anxiety، depression، mental fatigue، etc، stem from it. Long period of time after the establishment of human settlements، healing places were always found to be associated with the elements of nature، sometimes in the form of healing river، sometimes in the form of woodlands or sacred springs or even a cliff with a special cave or a tree that were sacred to the people. Over the time، the idea of healing and healing gardens became propounded. Having helped to establish the relationship between human beings and nature، healing gardens came to help to resolve the spiritual problems of humans. Healing Gardens is an ancient and long-lasting idea and is a place in which the health of human spirit and soul is satisfied through contacting the elements of nature. Construction of healing gardens for patients as a part of the treatment sites goes back to the medieval period، and such gardens have always been a part of the hospitals، hospices، rehabilitation centers and the public recreational sites in recent years. There is a fundamental difference between healing and curing and that is in curing، drug treatment conditions is recommended for the treatment of the patients، while in healing which is a multidimensional process، several factors including psychological and physical factors are considered as well. Psychological factors are associated with spiritual، mental، emotional and social needs. Among these، the Persian garden is regarded as an example of healing landscapes in which through the use of the human senses and through the garden formation patterns، it gives a sense of peace and comfort. Using the senses of sight، hearing، smell and touch to perceive the surrounding environment، the Persian garden provides an environment for human that is free of nervous tensions and stresses and provides the presence in a fancy space for him.

In recent years Tehran Municipality has undertaken several projects that have changed the landscape of the city. A pathology of these projects shows that there are positive and negative issues in the four steps of definition of the project، planning and design، project implementation and project evaluation and review. In the first step، neglecting the priorities and needs of the city which have been mentioned in the strategic plan of Tehran is a problem. In the planning process of the projects، there are restrictions in the selection of consultants of planning and design and supervision on their studies. In some cases، social، economic، environmental and cultural appendices of the study are not independent and strong. In addition، the procedure of approval of projects has problems because of lack of certain criteria. In addition، poor public participation in the process of preparing and approving projects can be considered as weaknesses in Tehran. In the implementation step، the lack of financial transparency of the projects is has been criticized. Finally، the lack of evaluation indicators and a monitoring institute are some other questions in these projects. The review and analysis of the process can help to improve the quality of projects.

The streets of Tehran are، undoubtedly، one of the most effective urban elements in the contemporary history of Iran during the Islamic Revolution (the second half of the twentieth century); both in the pre-revolutionary period when the street was the favorite public place for presence of the youth in scenes of revolution and in the post-revolutionary period when ideological view of the country changed urban management approaches toward the street: «Slums where homeless people of Tehran live require more attention than the north of the city; the concentration should be on the poor more than the rich (Imam Khomeini، 1979:144).» These changes were so profound that in abroad، failures due to urban management weakness were considered a result of ideological system faults. Simultaneously، inside the country، the new managements have not reached significant success towards achieving the revolutionary utopia; Streets are huge reason for dissatisfaction of Tehran residents. This article aims to study the tactics of street orientation in four decades of post revolutionary، through the analysis of urban management approaches in order to result into a reading of “street landscape” in Tehran.

Humanism is a point of view that gives priority and importance to humans. The emergence of the term in the academic world dates back to the Renaissance، when people became aware of misuses of the church and reclaimed their rights as a result. At that time، humanism became a contentious concept of God and negated whatever hurts (damages) human benefits. In the mid-twentieth century، humanism entered the field of architecture and urbanism by criticizing modern architecture approaches that denied the man-nature dual، as far as in new emerging disciplines such as landscape، human perception of the environment became the main design axis. Due to excessive human presence in public spaces -as of the principal components of urban landscape; the humanist approach takes precedence over any other issue in its design. This paper seeks to examine the place of humanism theory in various intellectual movements، urban management policies Tehran after the Islamic Revolution compared to assess the collective space. The public space is one maximum dependent on the presence of humans، like humanist organization، which takes precedence over any other issue. This paper seeks to evaluate Tehran urban management policies after the Islamic Revolution by examining the place of humanism theory in various intellectual movements.

There has always been a logical connection between the formation of traditional Iranian cities and urban areas in terms of micro and macro scale. Definitions of modernity and the formation of new economic and social relations led to the physical appearance of a gap between past and present urban spaces; this heterogeneity، particularly within the context of historical religious center resulted in a break in the social and urban development. On the other hand، interventions in the immediate context of these centers at any time depending on the value of the function assessed by officials and experts; vary between the two approaches to conservation and development. Historical change in «Ray» city shows that the main structure of the city ends in the Hazrat Abdul-Azim shrine، which is considered the most important historical and cultural - religious values that are revealed together in this area. The Shrine Street is located near the entrance to the shrine which acted as a public space in the context of traditional Abdul-Azim town since Qajar period and has defined access quality to the centre. The North Avenue improvement project has only considered the walls and pavements which could not maintain the identity of the place. Concepts such as respect for the principle of hierarchy of norms regarding pilgrimage، environmental potentials، cultural and social history، and especially the micro-behavior small objects in the space، needed to be considered as the basis for intervention.

The main subject of urban landscape is the reading، right interpretation and finally reproduction of the qualities that connects the old and new city values which ultimately results in the preservation of natural human relationship with urban environment (urban identity) and should be considered a principle in urban landscape projects. Projects of renovation and reforming of neighborhoods and urban contexts are among most important urban landscape projects. The necessity of modernization of such contexts، urgency of preservation of their worthy character and providing continuity of life and identity in their new constructions are the most serious contemporary problems. One of such valuable contexts in Tehran is Jamaran neighborhood which has been a village adjacent to Tehran not many years ago and has become a district in Tehran after the expansion of this capital. One of the significant points in this area is the presence of Imam Khomeini in 1980 to 1989 as a political center which augments the emphasis of planning in this neighborhood. A number of planning and designing strategies has been presented in different projects in this area but the complex situation leads to inefficiency and insufficiency of such subjective and local plans. In this paper these projects are analyzed in three categories including aesthetic، functional and identity-related values. All of the strategies conducted in these planning projects deals with physical and functional aspects. Furthermore aesthetic and historical values are ignored in the projects. Regarding all the considerations، systemic and holistic view and sustainable approach based on all the values are the most important strategies in intervention and organization of this neighborhood today.

Tehran''s River Valley has had positive effects on the environment and it has played an important role in strengthening a sense of place and identity as a natural ecosystem of the city and as a place for social events. Expanding Tehran development along the valley has led to creation of the most important natural organs in the physical structure of the city. The invasion of construction and the built fabric of the city to the River Valley have resulted in disruption of the balance between the natural environment and the built urban landscape of the city and it has undermined the quality of role of River Valley in Tehran''s urban landscape. There are still large and tall buildings which define formation، identity and legibility of the city. For this reason، in recent years the authorities have been planning، organizing and restoring them to a full potential detrimental effect of the artificial body، the original plan was comprehensive plan of Tehran. Since 2007 Tehran''s River Valley was considered natural part of the city and its recreational function in the master plan have been underscored. However، the planning and implementation of few projects on Tehran''s River Valley suggests that the potential of natural and important component of identity in Tehran in three dimensions of sustainable urban management and urban planning and design in the space scale have been neglected in a serious way. The taken actions changed the major natural -structural elements of the city into urban gardens. This paper attempts to critically review two projects within the organizing Kann River Valley (Park Javanmardan) and organizing Farahzad River Valley (Park Nahjolbalaghe). Approaches to the management، urban planning and design of these projects in Tehran will be criticized and their success in achieving the goals of sustainable urban development in these two measures will be studied as well.

The Cheetgar lake landscape project is among projects implemented in Tehran by Tehran Municipality. This project، with its large-scale intervention، has had significant impact on the whole city morphology، regional micro-climate، citizenship behavior metamorphosis، sustainable urban economy and overall urban landscape of Tehran. This paper discusses pathology and weaknesses in various stages of design and construction in Cheetgar Lake and generally defined in the initial stage of the project، which is focused on the context and layout of the modernist ideas. These damages in the later stages of the project are mostly resulted from conflicts between legal legislations and project goals. Moreover، as Tehran lacks a defined ecological framework integrated with other urban systems unlike cities such as Berlin and Milan and this deficiency will destroy i one of the prerequisites to achieve the overall objective of «sustainable city». In other words، the unique aspects of Tehran main strategy to achieve the objective have not been defined in terms of sustainability.

Small-sized interventions like pocket parks or playgrounds aim to initiate developments for the improvement of social and physical conditions in the Colombian metropolis. Medellin`s spatial and social transformation- both in the city centre and in the peripheral settlements- has turned the city from one of the most dangerous hotspots of a drug-related armed conflict into a show case for inclusive urban upgrading and development. While the transformative process are made visible through spatial interventions of diverse scale، their foundation has been laid through a series of planning and urban development documents، which changed both planning law and the understanding of the city. These documents intend to focus on a holistic approach to urban development and recognize the stark social disparities as one of its main impediments. Accordingly، the last three Urban Development Plans aim to improve the city`s governability and economic performance، erase poverty and inequality، and change its image-both nationally and internationally.